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Edward Carpenter (29 August 1844 – 28 June 1929) was an English socialist poet, philosopher, anthologist, and early LGBT activist.〔Warren Allen Smith: ''Who's Who in Hell, A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists'', Barricade Books, New York, 2000, p. 186; ISBN 978-1-56980-158-1.〕 A leading figure in late 19th- and early 20th-century Britain, he was instrumental in the foundation of the Fabian Society and the Labour Party. A poet and writer, he was a close friend of Rabindranath Tagore, and a friend of Walt Whitman.〔"Excerpt from Gay Roots Vol. 1: THE GAY SUCCESSION Walt Whitman Slept with Edward Carpenter Edward Carpenter Slept with Gavin Arthur Gavin Arthur Slept with Dean Moriarty Dean Moriarty Slept with Allen Ginsberg Allen Ginsberg Slept with ... The following document first appeared in ''Gay Sunshine Journal'' 35 (1978) and was reprinted as an appendix to the Allen Ginsberg interview in the book ''Gay Sunshine Interviews'', Volume 1, Gay Sunshine Press, 1978." http://www.leylandpublications.com/exc_gaysuccess.html, retrieved 09/16/2014〕 He corresponded with many famous figures such as Annie Besant, Isadora Duncan, Havelock Ellis, Roger Fry, Mahatma Gandhi, James Keir Hardie, J. K. Kinney, Jack London, George Merrill, E D Morel, William Morris, E R Pease, John Ruskin, and Olive Schreiner.〔(FABIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THOUGHT Series One: The Papers of Edward Carpenter, 1844-1929, from Sheffield Archives Part 1: Correspondence and Manuscripts ) at www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk〕 As a philosopher he is particularly known for his publication of ''Civilisation, Its Cause and Cure'' in which he proposes that civilisation is a form of disease that human societies pass through. Civilisations, he says, rarely last more than a thousand years before collapsing, and no society has ever passed through civilisation successfully. His 'cure' is a closer association with the land and greater development of our inner nature. Although derived from his experience of Hindu mysticism, and referred to as 'mystical socialism', his thoughts parallel those of several writers in the field of psychology and sociology at the start of the twentieth century, such as Boris Sidis, Sigmund Freud and Wilfred Trotter who all recognised that society puts ever increasing pressure on the individual that can result in mental and physical illnesses such as neurosis and the particular nervousness which was then described as neurasthenia. An early advocate of sexual freedoms, he had a profound influence on both D. H. Lawrence and Aurobindo, and inspired E. M. Forster's novel ''Maurice''. ==Early life== Born in Hove in Sussex, Carpenter was educated at nearby Brighton College where his father was a governor; his brothers Charles and Alfred also went to school there. When he was ten, he displayed a flair for the piano.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Edward Carpenter, ''My Days and Dreams'', London: Unwin, 1916. )〕 During these formative years, he spent his free time horse-riding or walking. His academic talent appeared relatively late in his youth, but was prolific enough to earn him a place at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.〔Rowbotham 2009〕 Whilst there he began to explore his feelings for men. One of the most notable examples of this is his close friendship with Edward Anthony Beck (later Master of Trinity Hall), which, according to Carpenter, had "a touch of romance".〔 Beck eventually ended their friendship, causing Carpenter great emotional heartache. Carpenter's sense of rejection mirrored his general unease with his sexuality, causing him to visit male prostitutes in Paris. Carpenter graduated as 10th Wrangler in 1868. After university he joined the Church of England as a curate, "as a convention rather than out of deep Conviction".〔(Philip Taylor's Biography of Carpenter ), Phillip Taylor 1988〕 He was heavily influenced by the minister at his church, Frederick Denison Maurice, who was the leader of the Christian Socialist movement. In 1871 he was invited to become tutor to the royal princes George Frederick (late King George V) and his elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, but declined the position. The job instead went to his lifelong friend and fellow Cambridge student John Neale Dalton.〔Aronson p.48〕 Carpenter continued to visit Dalton while he was tutor, and was presented with photographs of themselves by the princes.〔Aronson p.50〕 In the following years he experienced an increasing sense of dissatisfaction with his life in the church and university, and became weary of what he saw as the hypocrisy of Victorian society.〔 He found great solace in reading poetry, later remarking that his discovery of the work of the arguably gay, unconventionally spiritual, politically-radical Walt Whitman caused "a profound change" in him. (''My Days and Dreams'' p. 64) Reading Whitman caused Carpenter to reject a life spent in a comfortable priestly post and instead he wished to dedicate himself to life helping the working-class gain the right to education. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Edward Carpenter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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